Distributed planning

It has two different directions:

• One approach has begun with a focus on planning and how it can be extended into a distributed environment (Cooperative Distributed Planning).
• The other approach has begun with an emphasis on the problem of controlling and coordinating the actions of multiple agents in a shared environment. And has adopted planning representations and algorithms as a means to an end (Negotiated Distributed Planning).
  

Cooperative Distributed Planning: In some cases the purpose of the agents is to form a central plan. Agents typically exchange information about their plans, which they iteratively refine and revise until they fit together well.

Negotiated Distributed Planning: the purpose of negotiating over planned activities is not to form good collective plans but to ensure that the agent's local objectives will be met by its plan when viewed in a global context. The emphasis is on having an agent provide enough information to others to convince them to accommodate its preferences.

To negotiation use different techniques:

• Agregar leyes sociales para sociedades de agentes artificiales (Shoham and Tennenholz 1992): Cada agente coordina la ejecución del plan enfocandose en los public behaviors más que en las private preferences.
  
• Solution stability and equilibrium (Game theory): Asume que los agentes se interesan en ellos mismos, y quieren maximizar su utilidad de forma individual. Tratan de implementar protocolos que eviten o detecten la mentira. Para cada dominio crean e implementan protocolos diferentes (Rosenschein and zlotkin 1994).
• Negotiation strategies: tienen en cuenta el tiempo. Suponen que los agentes tienen un metagoal en común y quieren minimizar la cantidad de trabajo (Kraus, Wilkenfield, and Zlotkin 1992).
• Voting schemes: Primero cada agente expresa sus preferencias individuales y despues realizan una votación grupal para determinar el objetivo del grupo (Sen, hayes, and Arora 1997).
• Contract nets: Market-based approach to negotiation (Davis and smith 1983).
• Collaborative negotiation system based on argumentation (CONSA).

Collaborative negotiation system based on planning.